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learning today : DNA Restriction DNA transformation is a naturally occuring
but rare event in which DNA can be transferred into bacteria. In 1970, Morton
Mandel and Akiko Higa discovered a way to make E. coli more "competent"
for transforming foreign DNA. Their calcium chloride method is widely used today
to obtain high-efficiency transforming cells. Polymerase Chain
Reaction
(BRON : www.dnalc.org)
The
discovery of enzymes that could cut and paste DNA made genetic engineering
possible. Restriction enzymes, found naturally in bacteria, can be used to cut
DNA fragment at specific sequences, while another enzyme, DNA ligase, can attach
or rejoin DNA fragments with complementary ends
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) enables researchers to produce
millions of copies of a specific DNA sequence in approximately two hours. This
automated process bypasses the need to use bacteria for amplifying
DNA
Restriction Enzymes
How Embryonic Stem Cell Lines are
Made
Use of embryonic stem cells in research has been hotly debated for
several years. This animation presents the basics on how stem cell lines are
established. For more information on how techniques similar to this are used in
research, visit DNA from the
Beginning and explore Concept 41:
DNA is only the beginning for understanding the human genome.
Cycle
Sequencing
The sequencing method developed by Fred Sanger forms the
basis of automated "cycle" sequencing reactions today. Fluorescent dyes are
added to the reactions, and a laser within an automated DNA sequencing machine
is used to analyze the DNA fragments produced.